Children and young people with cognition and learning needs may experience difficulties in acquiring skills, understanding concepts, and learning at the same pace as their peers. Pupils may require additional support to develop memory, processing speed, organisation, and problem-solving skills. For many pupils identified with cognition and learning needs, attainment is typically significantly below that expected for their chronological age. As a general guide, these pupils may be working at least two years below age-related expectations and may require additional support to access the curriculum.